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Internet Engineering Task Force A. Dulaunoy
Internet-Draft CIRCL
Intended status: Informational A. Kaplan
Expires: September 1, 2014 CERT.at
P. Vixie
H. Stern
Farsight Security, Inc.
February 28, 2014
Passive DNS - Common Output Format
draft-dulaunoy-kaplan-passive-dns-cof-02
Abstract
This document describes a common output format of Passive DNS Servers
which clients can query. The output format description includes also
in addition a common semantic for each Passive DNS system. By having
multiple Passive DNS Systems adhere to the same output format for
queries, users of multiple Passive DNS servers will be able to
combine result sets easily.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 1, 2014.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Common Output Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2. ABNF grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3. Mandatory Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.1. rrname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3.2. rrtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.3. rdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.4. time_first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3.5. time_last . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4. Optional Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4.1. count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4.2. bailiwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5. Additional Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5.1. sensor_id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5.2. zone_time_first . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5.3. zone_time_last . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.6. Additional Fields Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.2. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8.3. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Appendix A. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1. Introduction
Passive DNS is a technique described by Florian Weimer in 2005 in
Passive DNS replication, F Weimer - 17th Annual FIRST Conference on
Computer Security [WEIMERPDNS]. Since then multiple Passive DNS
implementations were created and evolved over time. Users of these
Passive DNS servers may query a server (often via WHOIS [RFC3912] or
HTTP REST [REST]), parse the results and process them in other
applications.
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There are multiple implementations of Passive DNS software. Users of
passive DNS query each implementation and aggregate the results for
their search. This document describes the output format of four
Passive DNS Systems ([DNSDB], [PDNSCERTAT], [PDNSCIRCL] and
[PDNSCOF]) which are in use today and which already share a nearly
identical output format. As the format and the meaning of output
fields from each Passive DNS need to be consistent, we propose in
this document a solution to commonly name each field along with their
corresponding interpretation. The format follows a simple key-value
structure in JSON [RFC4627] format. The benefit of having a
consistent Passive DNS output format is that multiple client
implementations can query different servers without having to have a
separate parser for each individual server. passivedns-client
[PDNSCLIENT] currently implements multiple parsers due to a lack of
standardization. The document does not describe the protocol (e.g.
WHOIS [RFC3912], HTTP REST [REST]) nor the query format used to query
the Passive DNS. Neither does this document describe "pre-recursor"
Passive DNS Systems. Both of these are separate topics and deserve
their own RFC document.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
2. Limitation
As a Passive DNS servers can include protection mechanisms for their
operation, results might be different due to those protection
measures. These mechanisms filter out DNS answers if they fail some
criteria. The bailiwick algorithm [BAILIWICK] protects the Passive
DNS Database from cache poisoning attacks [CACHEPOISONING]. Another
limitation that clients querying the database need to be aware of is
that each query simply gets a snapshot-answer of the time of
querying. Clients MUST NOT rely on consistent answers. Nor must
they assume that answers must be identical across multiple Passive
DNS Servers.
3. Common Output Format
3.1. Overview
The formatting of the answer follows the JSON [RFC4627] format. In
fact, it is a subset of the full JSON language. Notable differences
are the modified definition of whitespace ("ws"). The order of the
fields is not significant for the same resource type.
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The intent of this output format is to be easily parsable by scripts.
Each JSON object is expressed on a single line to be processed by the
client line-by-line. Every implementation MUST support the JSON
output format.
Examples of JSON (Appendix A) output are in the appendix.
3.2. ABNF grammar
Formal grammar as defined in ABNF [RFC2234]
answer = entries
entries = * ( entry CR)
entry = "{" keyvallist "}"
keyvallist = [ member *( value-separator member ) ]
member = qm field qm name-separator value
name-separator = ws %x3A ws ; a ":" colon
value = value ; as defined in the JSON RFC
value-separator = ws %x2C ws ; , comma. As defined in JSON
field = "rrname" | "rrtype" | "rdata" | "time_first" |
"time_last" | "count" | "bailiwick" | "sensor_id" |
"zone_time_first" | "zone_time_last" | futureField
futureField = string
CR = %x0D
qm = %x22 ; " a quotation mark
ws = *(
%x20 | ; Space
%x09 ; Horizontal tab
)
Note that value is defined in JSON [RFC4627] and has the exact same
specification as there. The same goes for the definition of string.
3.3. Mandatory Fields
Implementation MUST support all the mandatory fields.
Uniqueness property: the tuple (rrname,rrtype,rdata) will always be
unique within one answer per server. While rrname and rrtype are
always individual JSON primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans or
null), rdata MAY return multiple resource records or a single record.
When multiple resource records are returned, rdata MUST be a JSON
array. In the case of a single resource record is returned, rdata
MUST be a JSON string.
3.3.1. rrname
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This field returns the name of the queried resource.
3.3.2. rrtype
This field returns the resource record type as seen by the passive
DNS. The key is rrtype and the value is in the interpreted record
type represented as a JSON [RFC4627] string. If the value cannot be
interpreted the decimal value is returned following the principle of
transparency as described in RFC 3597 [RFC3597]. Then the decimal
value is represented as a JSON [RFC4627] number. The resource record
type can be any values as described by IANA in the DNS parameters
document in the section 'Resource Record (RR) TYPEs' (http://
www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters). Currently known and
supported textual descriptions of rrtypes are: A, AAAA, CNAME, PTR,
SOA, TXT, DNAME, NS, SRV, RP, NAPTR, HINFO, A6. A client MUST be
able to understand these textual rrtype values represented as a JSON
[RFC4627] string. In addition, a client MUST be able to handle a
decimal value (as mentioned above) as answer represented as a JSON
[RFC4627] number.
3.3.3. rdata
This field returns the resource records of the queried resource.
When multiple resource records are returned, rdata MUST be a JSON
array. In the case of a single resource record is returned, rdata
MUST be a JSON string. Each resource record is represented as a JSON
[RFC4627] string. Each resource record MUST be escaped as defined in
section 2.6 of RFC4627 [RFC4627]. Depending on the rrtype, this can
be an IPv4 or IPv6 address, a domain name (as in the case of CNAMEs),
an SPF record, etc. A client MUST be able to interpret any value
which is legal as the right hand side in a DNS master file RFC 1035
[RFC1035] and RFC 1034 [RFC1034]. If the rdata came from an unknown
DNS resource records, the server must follow the transparency
principle as described in RFC 3597 [RFC3597].
3.3.4. time_first
This field returns the first time that the record / unique tuple
(rrname, rrtype, rdata) has been seen by the passive DNS. The date
is expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix
timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as
a JSON [RFC4627] number.
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3.3.5. time_last
This field returns the last time that the unique tuple (rrname,
rrtype, rdata) record has been seen by the passive DNS. The date is
expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix
timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as
a JSON [RFC4627] number.
3.4. Optional Fields
Implementations SHOULD support one or more fields.
3.4.1. count
Specifies how many authoritative DNS answers were received at the
Passive DNS Server's collectors with exactly the given set of values
as answers (i.e. same data in the answer set - compare with the
uniqueness property in "Mandatory Fields"). The number of requests
is expressed as a decimal value. This field is represented as a JSON
[RFC4627] number.
3.4.2. bailiwick
The bailiwick is the best estimate of the apex of the zone where this
data is authoritative.
3.5. Additional Fields
Implementations MAY support the following fields:
3.5.1. sensor_id
This field returns the sensor information where the record was seen.
It is represented as a JSON [RFC4627] string.
3.5.2. zone_time_first
This field returns the first time that the unique tuple (rrname,
rrtype, rdata) record has been seen via master file import. The date
is expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix
timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as
a JSON [RFC4627] number.
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3.5.3. zone_time_last
This field returns the last time that the unique tuple (rrname,
rrtype, rdata) record has been seen via master file import. The date
is expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix
timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as
a JSON [RFC4627] number.
3.6. Additional Fields Registry
In accordance with [RFC6648], designers of new passive DNS
applications that would need additional fields can request and
register new field name at https://github.com/adulau/pdns-qof/wiki/
Additional-Fields.
4. Acknowledgements
Thanks to the Passive DNS developers who contributed to the document.
5. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
6. Privacy Considerations
Passive DNS Servers capture DNS answers from multiple collecting
points ("sensors") which are located on the Internet-facing side of
DNS recursors ("post-recursor passive DNS"). In this process, they
intentionally omit the source IP, source port, destination IP and
destination port from the captured packets. Since the data is
captured "post-recursor", the timing information (who queries what)
is lost, since the recursor will cache the results. Furthermore,
since multiple sensors feed into a passive DNS server, the resulting
data gets mixed together, reducing the likelihood that Passive DNS
Servers are able to find out much about the actual person querying
the DNS records nor who actually sent the query. In this sense,
passive DNS Servers are similar to keeping an archive of all previous
phone books - if public DNS records can be compared to phone numbers
- as they often are. Nevertheless, the authors strongly encourage
Passive DNS implementors to take special care of privacy issues.
bortzmeyer-dnsop-dns-privacy is an excellent starting point for this.
Finally, the overall recommendations in RFC6973 [RFC6973] should be
taken into consideration when designing any application which uses
Passive DNS data.
7. Security Considerations
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In some cases, Passive DNS output might contain confidential
information and its access might be restricted. When a user is
querying multiple Passive DNS and aggregating the data, the
sensitivity of the data must be considered.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
[RFC3597] Gustafsson, A., "Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record
(RR) Types", RFC 3597, September 2003.
[RFC3912] Daigle, L., "WHOIS Protocol Specification", RFC 3912,
September 2004.
[RFC4627] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006.
[RFC5001] Austein, R., "DNS Name Server Identifier (NSID) Option",
RFC 5001, August 2007.
[RFC6648] Saint-Andre, P., Crocker, D., and M. Nottingham,
"Deprecating the "X-" Prefix and Similar Constructs in
Application Protocols", BCP 178, RFC 6648, June 2012.
[RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J.,
Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy
Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973, July
2013.
8.2. References
[BAILIWICK]
"Passive DNS Hardening", 2010, <https://
archive.farsightsecurity.com/Passive_DNS/
passive_dns_hardening_handout.pdf>.
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[CACHEPOISONING]
"Black ops 2008: It's the end of the cache as we know
it.", 2008, <http://kurser.lobner.dk/dDist/DMK_BO2K8.pdf>.
[DNSDB] "DNSDB API", 2013, <https://api.dnsdb.info/>.
[PDNSCERTAT]
"pDNS presentation at 4th Centr R&D workshop Frankfurt Jun
5th 2012", 2012, <http://www.centr.org/system/files/agenda
/attachment/rd4-papst-passive_dns.pdf>.
[PDNSCIRCL]
"CIRCL Passive DNS", 2012, <http://pdns.circl.lu/>.
[PDNSCLIENT]
"Queries 5 major Passive DNS databases: BFK, CERTEE,
DNSParse, ISC, and VirusTotal.", 2013, <https://github.com
/chrislee35/passivedns-client>.
[PDNSCOF] "Passive DNS server interface using the common output
format", 2013, <https://github.com/adulau/pdns-qof-server/
>.
[REST] "Representational State Transfer (REST)", 2000,
<http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/
rest_arch_style.htm>.
[WEIMERPDNS]
"Passive DNS Replication", 2005, <http://www.enyo.de/fw/
software/dnslogger/first2005-paper.pdf>.
8.3. Informative References
[I-D.narten-iana-considerations-rfc2434bis]
Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", draft-narten-iana-
considerations-rfc2434bis-09 (work in progress), March
2008.
[RFC3552] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552, July
2003.
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Appendix A. Examples
The JSON output are represented on multiple lines for readability but
each JSON object should on a single line.
If you query a passive DNS for the rrname www.ietf.org, the passive
dns common output format can be:
{"count": 102, "time_first": 1298412391, "rrtype": "AAAA",
"rrname": "www.ietf.org", "rdata": "2001:1890:1112:1::20",
"time_last": 1302506851}
{"count": 59, "time_first": 1384865833, "rrtype": "A",
"rrname": "www.ietf.org", "rdata": "4.31.198.44",
"time_last": 1389022219}
If you query a passive DNS for the rrname ietf.org, the passive dns
common output format can be:
{"count": 109877, "time_first": 1298398002, "rrtype": "NS",
"rrname": "ietf.org", "rdata": "ns1.yyz1.afilias-nst.info",
"time_last": 1389095375}
{"count": 4, "time_first": 1298495035, "rrtype": "A",
"rrname": "ietf.org", "rdata": "64.170.98.32",
"time_last": 1298495035}
{"count": 9, "time_first": 1317037550, "rrtype": "AAAA",
"rrname": "ietf.org", "rdata": "2001:1890:123a::1:1e",
"time_last": 1330209752}
Please note that in the examples above, any backslashes "\" can be
ignored and are an artefact of the tools which produced this
document.
Authors' Addresses
Alexandre Dulaunoy
CIRCL
41, avenue de la gare
Luxembourg L-1611
Luxembourg
Phone: (+352) 247 88444
Email: alexandre.dulaunoy@circl.lu
URI: http://www.circl.lu/
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L. Aaron Kaplan
CERT.at
Karlsplatz 1/2/9
Vienna A-1010
Austria
Phone: +43 1 5056416 78
Email: kaplan@cert.at
URI: http://www.cert.at/
Paul Vixie
Farsight Security, Inc.
11400 La Honda Road
Woodside, California 94062
U.S.A.
Email: paul@redbarn.org
URI: https://www.farsightsecurity.com/
Henry Stern
Farsight Security, Inc.
11400 La Honda Road
Woodside, California 94062
U.S.A.
Phone: +1 650 542-7836
Email: henry@stern.ca
URI: https://www.farsightsecurity.com/
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