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Clarify a few things in the readme
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@ -4,13 +4,24 @@ Passive DNS - Common Output Format
This document describes the output format used between Passive DNS query interface. The output format description
includes also a common meaning per Passive DNS system.
This format originated as a discussion between Aaron Kaplan, Paul Vixie, Henry Stern and Alexandre (Adulau) in ~ 2011.
It was submitted to the IETF in 2014 and since then had a few minor updates.
It is being used by multiple operators of passive DNS services to offer an identical output format for queries to a passive DNS database.
This allows the person issuing the query to combined and/or compare results.
The output format is in JSON.
How to Contribute to the Document
---------------------------------
You can make pull request to the xml document. We are looking for comments from passive DNS developers in order to improve the document.
IETF Internet-Draft
-------------------
- [Version 5 published as Internet-Draft](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-dulaunoy-dnsop-passive-dns-cof/) - February 10, 2019
- [Version 6 published as Internet-Draft](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-dulaunoy-dnsop-passive-dns-cof/) - April 8, 2019

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII"?>
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]>
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<rfc category="info" docName="draft-dulaunoy-dnsop-passive-dns-cof-06" ipr="trust200902">
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<!-- ***** FRONT MATTER ***** -->
<front>
<title abbrev="Passive DNS - Common Output Format">Passive DNS - Common Output Format</title>
<author fullname="Alexandre Dulaunoy" initials="A."
surname="Dulaunoy">
<organization>CIRCL</organization>
<address>
<postal>
<street>16, bd d'Avranches</street>
<city>Luxembourg</city>
<region></region>
<code>L-1160</code>
<country>Luxembourg</country>
</postal>
<phone>(+352) 247 88444</phone>
<email>alexandre.dulaunoy@circl.lu</email>
<uri>http://www.circl.lu/</uri>
<!-- uri and facsimile elements may also be added -->
</address>
</author>
<author fullname="L. Aaron Kaplan" initials="A."
surname="Kaplan">
<organization>CERT.at</organization>
<address>
<postal>
<street>Karlsplatz 1/2/9</street>
<city>Vienna</city>
<region></region>
<code>A-1010</code>
<country>Austria</country>
</postal>
<phone>+43 1 5056416 78</phone>
<email>kaplan@cert.at</email>
<uri>http://www.cert.at/</uri>
</address>
</author>
<author fullname="Paul Vixie" initials="P."
surname="Vixie">
<organization>Farsight Security, Inc.</organization>
<address>
<postal>
<street>11400 La Honda Road</street>
<city>Woodside</city>
<region>California</region>
<code>94062</code>
<country>U.S.A.</country>
</postal>
<phone></phone>
<email>paul@redbarn.org</email>
<uri>https://www.farsightsecurity.com/</uri>
</address>
</author>
<author fullname="Henry Stern" initials="H." surname="Stern">
<organization>Farsight Security, Inc.</organization>
<address>
<postal>
<street>11400 La Honda Road</street>
<city>Woodside</city>
<region>California</region>
<code>94062</code>
<country>U.S.A.</country>
</postal>
<phone>+1 650 542-7836</phone>
<email>henry@stern.ca</email>
<uri>https://www.farsightsecurity.com/</uri>
</address>
</author>
<date month="April" year="2019" />
<area>General</area>
<workgroup>Domain Name System Operations</workgroup>
<keyword>dns</keyword>
<abstract>
<t>This document describes a common output format of Passive DNS Servers which clients can query. The output format description includes also in addition a common semantic for each Passive DNS system. By having multiple Passive DNS Systems adhere to the same output format for queries, users of multiple Passive DNS servers will be able to combine result sets easily.</t>
</abstract>
</front>
<middle>
<section title="Introduction">
<t>Passive DNS is a technique described by Florian Weimer in 2005 in <xref target="WEIMERPDNS">Passive DNS replication, F Weimer - 17th Annual FIRST Conference on Computer Security</xref>. Since then multiple Passive DNS implementations were created and evolved over time. Users of these Passive DNS servers may query a server (often via <xref target="RFC3912">WHOIS</xref> or HTTP <xref target="REST">REST</xref>), parse the results and process them in other applications.</t>
<t>
There are multiple implementations of Passive DNS software. Users of passive DNS query each implementation and aggregate the results for their search. This document describes the output format of four Passive DNS Systems (<xref target="DNSDB"/>, <xref target="DNSDBQ"/>, <xref target="PDNSCERTAT"/>, <xref target="PDNSCIRCL"/> and <xref target="PDNSCOF"/>) which are in use today and which already share a nearly identical output format.
As the format and the meaning of output fields from each Passive DNS need to be consistent, we propose in this document a solution to commonly name each field along with their corresponding interpretation. The format follows a simple key-value structure in <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> format.
The benefit of having a consistent Passive DNS output format is that multiple client implementations can query different servers without having to have a separate parser for each
individual server. <xref target="PDNSCLIENT">passivedns-client</xref> currently implements multiple parsers due to a lack of standardization.
The document does not describe the protocol (e.g. <xref target="RFC3912">WHOIS</xref>, HTTP <xref target="REST">REST</xref>) nor the query format used to query the Passive DNS. Neither does this document describe "pre-recursor" Passive DNS Systems. Both of these are separate topics and deserve their own RFC document. The document describes the current best practices implemented in various Passive DNS server implementations.
</t>
<section title="Requirements Language">
<t>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in <xref
target="RFC2119">RFC 2119</xref>.</t>
</section>
</section>
<section title="Limitation">
<t> As a Passive DNS servers can include protection mechanisms for their operation, results might be different due to those protection measures. These mechanisms filter out DNS answers if they fail some criteria. The <xref target="BAILIWICK">bailiwick algorithm</xref> protects the Passive DNS Database from <xref target="CACHEPOISONING">cache poisoning attacks</xref>.
Another limitation that clients querying the database need to be aware of is that each query simply gets a snapshot-answer of the time of querying. Clients MUST NOT rely on consistent answers. Nor must they assume that answers must be identical across multiple Passive DNS Servers.
</t>
</section>
<section title="Common Output Format">
<section title="Overview">
<t>The formatting of the answer follows the <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> format. In fact, it is a subset of the full JSON language. Notable differences are the modified definition of whitespace ("ws"). The order of the fields is not significant for the same resource type. </t>
<t>The intent of this output format is to be easily parsable by scripts. Each JSON object is expressed on a single line to be processed by the client line-by-line. Every implementation MUST support the JSON output format.</t> <!-- note: it is "parsable" if you want to be really nit-picking. See: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parsable -->
<t><xref target="app-additional">Examples of JSON</xref> output are in the appendix.</t>
</section>
<section title="ABNF grammar">
<figure><preamble>Formal grammar as defined in <xref target="RFC2234">ABNF</xref></preamble><artwork><![CDATA[
answer = entries
entries = * ( entry CR)
entry = "{" keyvallist "}"
keyvallist = [ member *( value-separator member ) ]
member = qm field qm name-separator value
name-separator = ws %x3A ws ; a ":" colon
value = value ; as defined in the JSON RFC
value-separator = ws %x2C ws ; , comma. As defined in JSON
field = "rrname" | "rrtype" | "rdata" | "time_first" |
"time_last" | "count" | "bailiwick" | "sensor_id" |
"zone_time_first" | "zone_time_last" | "origin" |
futureField
futureField = string
CR = %x0D
qm = %x22 ; " a quotation mark
ws = *(
%x20 | ; Space
%x09 ; Horizontal tab
)
]]></artwork></figure>
<t>Note that value is defined in <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> and has the exact same specification as there. The same goes for the definition of string.</t>
</section>
<section title="Mandatory Fields">
<t>Implementation MUST support all the mandatory fields.</t>
<t>Uniqueness property: the tuple (rrname,rrtype,rdata) will always be unique within one answer per server. While rrname and rrtype are always individual JSON primitive types (strings, numbers, booleans or null), rdata MAY return multiple resource records or a single record. When multiple resource records are returned, rdata MUST be a JSON array. In the case of a single resource record is returned, rdata MUST be a JSON string or a JSON array containing one JSON string. Senders SHOULD send an array for rdata, but receivers MUST be able to accept a single-string result for rdata.</t>
<section title="rrname">
<t>This field returns the name of the queried resource.</t>
</section>
<section title="rrtype">
<t>This field returns the resource record type as seen by the passive DNS. The key is rrtype and the value is in the interpreted record type represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> string. If the value cannot be interpreted, the decimal value is returned following the principle of transparency as described in <xref target="RFC3597">RFC 3597</xref>. Then the decimal value is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> number.
The resource record type can be any values as described by IANA in the DNS parameters document in the section 'Resource Record (RR) TYPEs' (http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters).
Supported textual descriptions of rrtypes include: A, AAAA, CNAME, etc.
A client MUST be able to understand these textual rrtype values represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> string. In addition, a client MUST be able to handle a decimal value (as mentioned above) answer represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> number.
</t>
</section>
<section title="rdata">
<t>This field returns the resource records of the queried resource. When multiple resource records are returned, rdata MUST be a JSON array containing JSON strings. In the case of a single resource record is returned, rdata MUST be a JSON string or a JSON array containing one JSON string. Each resource record is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> string. Each resource record MUST be escaped as defined in section 2.6 of <xref target="RFC4627">RFC4627</xref>. Depending on the rrtype, this can be an IPv4 or IPv6 address, a domain name (as in the case of CNAMEs), an SPF record, etc. A client MUST be able to interpret any value which is legal as the right hand side in a DNS master file <xref target="RFC1035">RFC 1035</xref> and <xref target="RFC1034">RFC 1034</xref>. If the rdata came from an unknown DNS resource records, the server must follow the transparency principle as described in <xref target="RFC3597">RFC 3597</xref>.</t>
</section>
<section title="time_first">
<t>This field returns the first time that the record / unique tuple (rrname, rrtype, rdata) has been seen by the passive DNS. The date is expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> number.</t>
</section>
<section title="time_last">
<t>This field returns the last time that the unique tuple (rrname, rrtype, rdata) record has been seen by the passive DNS. The date is expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> number.</t>
</section>
</section>
<section title="Optional Fields">
<t>Implementations SHOULD support one or more fields.</t>
<section title="count">
<t>Specifies how many authoritative DNS answers were received at the Passive DNS Server's collectors with exactly the given set of values as answers (i.e. same data in the answer set - compare with the uniqueness property in "Mandatory Fields"). The number of requests is expressed as a decimal value. This field is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> number.</t>
</section>
<section title="bailiwick">
<t>The bailiwick is the best estimate of the apex of the zone where this data is authoritative.</t>
</section>
</section>
<section title="Additional Fields">
<t>Implementations MAY support the following fields:</t>
<section title="sensor_id">
<t>This field returns the sensor information where the record was seen. It is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> string.</t>
<t>If the data originate from sensors or probes which are part of a publicly-known gathering or measurement system (e.g. RIPE Atlas), a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> string SHOULD be prefixed.</t>
</section>
<section title="zone_time_first">
<t>This field returns the first time that the unique tuple (rrname, rrtype, rdata) record has been seen via master file import. The date is expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> number.</t>
</section>
<section title="zone_time_last">
<t>This field returns the last time that the unique tuple (rrname, rrtype, rdata) record has been seen via master file import. The date is expressed in seconds (decimal) since 1st of January 1970 (Unix timestamp). The time zone MUST be UTC. This field is represented as a <xref target="RFC4627">JSON</xref> number.</t>
</section>
<section title="origin">
<t>Specifies the resource origin of the Passive DNS response. This field is represented as a <xref target="RFC3986">Uniform Resource Identifier</xref> (URI).
</t>
</section>
<section title="time_first_ms">
<t>Same meaning as the field "time_first", with the only difference, that the resolution is in milliseconds since 1st of January 1970 (UTC).
</t>
</section>
<section title="time_last_ms">
<t>Same meaning as the field "time_last", with the only difference, that the resolution is in milliseconds since 1st of January 1970 (UTC).
</t>
</section>
</section>
<section title="Additional Fields Registry">
<t>In accordance with <xref target="RFC6648"/>, designers of new passive DNS applications that would need additional fields can request and register new field name at https://github.com/adulau/pdns-qof/wiki/Additional-Fields.</t>
</section>
</section>
<!-- This PI places the pagebreak correctly (before the section title) in the text output. -->
<?rfc needLines="8" ?>
<section anchor="Acknowledgements" title="Acknowledgements">
<t>Thanks to the Passive DNS developers who contributed to the document.</t>
</section>
<!-- Possibly a 'Contributors' section ... -->
<section anchor="IANA" title="IANA Considerations">
<t>This memo includes no request to IANA.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="Privacy" title="Privacy Considerations">
<t>Passive DNS Servers capture DNS answers from multiple collecting points ("sensors") which are located on the Internet-facing side of DNS recursors ("post-recursor passive DNS"). In this process, they intentionally omit the source IP, source port, destination IP and destination port from the captured packets. Since the data is captured "post-recursor", the timing information (who queries what) is lost, since the recursor will cache the results. Furthermore, since multiple sensors feed into a passive DNS server, the resulting data gets mixed together, reducing the likelihood that Passive DNS Servers are able to find out much about the actual person querying the DNS records nor who actually sent the query. In this sense, passive DNS Servers are similar to keeping an archive of all previous phone books - if public DNS records can be compared to phone numbers - as they often are.
Nevertheless, the authors strongly encourage Passive DNS implementors to take special care of privacy issues. bortzmeyer-dnsop-dns-privacy is an excellent starting point for this.
Finally, the overall recommendations in <xref target="RFC6973">RFC6973</xref> should be taken into consideration when designing any application which uses Passive DNS data.</t>
<t>In the scope of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR - Directive 95/46/EC), operators of Passive DNS Server needs to ensure the legal ground and lawfulness of its operation.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="Security" title="Security Considerations">
<t>In some cases, Passive DNS output might contain confidential information and its access might be restricted. When a user is querying multiple Passive DNS and aggregating the data, the sensitivity of the data must be considered.</t>
</section>
</middle>
<!-- *****BACK MATTER ***** -->
<back>
<!-- References split into informative and normative -->
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<references title="Normative References">
<!--?rfc include="http://xml.resource.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"?-->
&RFC2119;
&RFC1035;
&RFC1034;
&RFC3912;
&RFC4627;
&RFC5001;
&RFC3597;
&RFC6648;
&RFC2234;
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&RFC3986;
</references>
<references>
<reference anchor="WEIMERPDNS" target="http://www.enyo.de/fw/software/dnslogger/first2005-paper.pdf">
<front>
<title>Passive DNS Replication</title>
<author fullname="Florian Weimer"/>
<date year="2005"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="CACHEPOISONING" target="http://kurser.lobner.dk/dDist/DMK_BO2K8.pdf">
<front>
<title>Black ops 2008: It's the end of the cache as we know it.</title>
<author fullname="Dan Kaminsky"/>
<date year="2008"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="BAILIWICK" target="https://archive.farsightsecurity.com/Passive_DNS/passive_dns_hardening_handout.pdf">
<front>
<title>Passive DNS Hardening</title>
<author fullname="Robert Edmonds"/>
<date year="2010"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="PDNSCLIENT" target="https://github.com/chrislee35/passivedns-client">
<front>
<title>Queries 5 major Passive DNS databases: BFK, CERTEE, DNSParse, ISC, and VirusTotal.</title>
<author fullname="Chris Lee"/>
<date year="2013"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="REST" target="http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/rest_arch_style.htm">
<front>
<title>Representational State Transfer (REST)</title>
<author fullname="Roy Thomas Fielding"/>
<date year="2000"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="DNSDB" target="https://api.dnsdb.info/">
<front>
<title>DNSDB API</title>
<author fullname="Farsight Security"/>
<date year="2013"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="PDNSCERTAT" target="http://www.centr.org/system/files/agenda/attachment/rd4-papst-passive_dns.pdf">
<front>
<title>pDNS presentation at 4th Centr R&amp;D workshop Frankfurt Jun 5th 2012</title>
<author fullname="CERT.at"/>
<date year="2012"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="PDNSCIRCL" target="https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/">
<front>
<title>CIRCL Passive DNS</title>
<author fullname="CIRCL -Computer Incident Response Center Luxembourg"/>
<date year="2012"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="PDNSCOF" target="https://github.com/D4-project/analyzer-d4-passivedns/">
<front>
<title>Passive DNS server interface using the common output format</title>
<author fullname="D4 Project, Alexandre Dulaunoy"/>
<date year="2013"/>
</front>
</reference>
<reference anchor="DNSDBQ" target="https://github.com/dnsdb/dnsdbq">
<front>
<title>DNSDB API Client, C Version</title>
<author fullname="Paul Vixie"/>
<date year="2018"/>
</front>
</reference>
</references>
<references title="Informative References">
<!-- Here we use entities that we defined at the beginning. -->
&RFC3552;
&I-D.narten-iana-considerations-rfc2434bis;
<!-- &I-D.draft-bortzmeyer-dnsop-dns-privacy; -->
</references>
<section anchor="app-additional" title="Examples">
<t>The JSON output are represented on multiple lines for readability but each JSON object should be on a single line.</t>
<t>If you query a passive DNS for the rrname www.ietf.org, the passive dns common output format can be:</t>
<figure><artwork>
<![CDATA[
{"count": 102, "time_first": 1298412391, "rrtype": "AAAA",
"rrname": "www.ietf.org", "rdata": "2001:1890:1112:1::20",
"time_last": 1302506851}
{"count": 59, "time_first": 1384865833, "rrtype": "A",
"rrname": "www.ietf.org", "rdata": "4.31.198.44",
"time_last": 1389022219}
]]>
</artwork></figure>
<t>If you query a passive DNS for the rrname ietf.org, the passive dns common output format can be:</t>
<figure><artwork>
<![CDATA[
{"count": 109877, "time_first": 1298398002, "rrtype": "NS",
"rrname": "ietf.org", "rdata": "ns1.yyz1.afilias-nst.info",
"time_last": 1389095375}
{"count": 4, "time_first": 1298495035, "rrtype": "A",
"rrname": "ietf.org", "rdata": "64.170.98.32",
"time_last": 1298495035}
{"count": 9, "time_first": 1317037550, "rrtype": "AAAA",
"rrname": "ietf.org", "rdata": "2001:1890:123a::1:1e",
"time_last": 1330209752}
]]>
</artwork></figure>
<t>Please note that the examples imply that a single query returns a single set of JSON objects. For example, two queries were made; one query returned a set of two JSON objects and the other query returned a set of three JSON objects. This specification requires each JSON object individually MUST conform to the common output format, but this specification does not require that a query will return a set of JSON objects.</t>
<t>Please note that in the examples above, any backslashes "\" can be ignored and are an artifact of the tools which produced this document.</t>
</section>
</back>
</rfc>