diff --git a/drivers/bluetooth/hci_ldisc.c b/drivers/bluetooth/hci_ldisc.c
index af761dc434f..68801512859 100644
--- a/drivers/bluetooth/hci_ldisc.c
+++ b/drivers/bluetooth/hci_ldisc.c
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ static int hci_uart_tty_open(struct tty_struct *tty)
 	/* FIXME: why is this needed. Note don't use ldisc_ref here as the
 	   open path is before the ldisc is referencable */
 
-	if (tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer)
-		tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer(tty);
+	if (tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer)
+		tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer(tty);
 	tty_driver_flush_buffer(tty);
 
 	return 0;
diff --git a/drivers/char/cyclades.c b/drivers/char/cyclades.c
index 45601905174..f3366d3f06c 100644
--- a/drivers/char/cyclades.c
+++ b/drivers/char/cyclades.c
@@ -5200,7 +5200,7 @@ static int cyclades_proc_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
 					(cur_jifs - info->idle_stats.recv_idle)/
 					HZ, info->idle_stats.overruns,
 					/* FIXME: double check locking */
-					(long)info->port.tty->ldisc.ops->num);
+					(long)info->port.tty->ldisc->ops->num);
 			else
 				seq_printf(m, "%3d %8lu %10lu %8lu "
 					"%10lu %8lu %9lu %6ld\n",
diff --git a/drivers/char/epca.c b/drivers/char/epca.c
index 710ee933305..abef1f7d84f 100644
--- a/drivers/char/epca.c
+++ b/drivers/char/epca.c
@@ -2114,8 +2114,8 @@ static int pc_ioctl(struct tty_struct *tty, struct file *file,
 			tty_wait_until_sent(tty, 0);
 		} else {
 			/* ldisc lock already held in ioctl */
-			if (tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer)
-				tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer(tty);
+			if (tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer)
+				tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer(tty);
 		}
 		unlock_kernel();
 		/* Fall Thru */
diff --git a/drivers/char/ip2/i2lib.c b/drivers/char/ip2/i2lib.c
index 0061e18aff6..0d10b89218e 100644
--- a/drivers/char/ip2/i2lib.c
+++ b/drivers/char/ip2/i2lib.c
@@ -868,11 +868,11 @@ i2Input(i2ChanStrPtr pCh)
 		amountToMove = count;
 	}
 	// Move the first block
-	pCh->pTTY->ldisc.ops->receive_buf( pCh->pTTY,
+	pCh->pTTY->ldisc->ops->receive_buf( pCh->pTTY,
 		 &(pCh->Ibuf[stripIndex]), NULL, amountToMove );
 	// If we needed to wrap, do the second data move
 	if (count > amountToMove) {
-		pCh->pTTY->ldisc.ops->receive_buf( pCh->pTTY,
+		pCh->pTTY->ldisc->ops->receive_buf( pCh->pTTY,
 		 pCh->Ibuf, NULL, count - amountToMove );
 	}
 	// Bump and wrap the stripIndex all at once by the amount of data read. This
diff --git a/drivers/char/ip2/ip2main.c b/drivers/char/ip2/ip2main.c
index afd9247cf08..517271c762e 100644
--- a/drivers/char/ip2/ip2main.c
+++ b/drivers/char/ip2/ip2main.c
@@ -1315,8 +1315,8 @@ static inline void  isig(int sig, struct tty_struct *tty, int flush)
 	if (tty->pgrp)
 		kill_pgrp(tty->pgrp, sig, 1);
 	if (flush || !L_NOFLSH(tty)) {
-		if ( tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer )  
-			tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer(tty);
+		if ( tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer )  
+			tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer(tty);
 		i2InputFlush( tty->driver_data );
 	}
 }
diff --git a/drivers/char/n_hdlc.c b/drivers/char/n_hdlc.c
index bacb3e2872a..461ece591a5 100644
--- a/drivers/char/n_hdlc.c
+++ b/drivers/char/n_hdlc.c
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ static int n_hdlc_tty_open (struct tty_struct *tty)
 #endif
 	
 	/* Flush any pending characters in the driver and discipline. */
-	if (tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer)
-		tty->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer(tty);
+	if (tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer)
+		tty->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer(tty);
 
 	tty_driver_flush_buffer(tty);
 		
diff --git a/drivers/char/pty.c b/drivers/char/pty.c
index da2cb8c70c1..5acd29e6e04 100644
--- a/drivers/char/pty.c
+++ b/drivers/char/pty.c
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ static int pty_write(struct tty_struct *tty, const unsigned char *buf,
 	c = to->receive_room;
 	if (c > count)
 		c = count;
-	to->ldisc.ops->receive_buf(to, buf, NULL, c);
+	to->ldisc->ops->receive_buf(to, buf, NULL, c);
 
 	return c;
 }
@@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ static int pty_chars_in_buffer(struct tty_struct *tty)
 	int count;
 
 	/* We should get the line discipline lock for "tty->link" */
-	if (!to || !to->ldisc.ops->chars_in_buffer)
+	if (!to || !to->ldisc->ops->chars_in_buffer)
 		return 0;
 
 	/* The ldisc must report 0 if no characters available to be read */
-	count = to->ldisc.ops->chars_in_buffer(to);
+	count = to->ldisc->ops->chars_in_buffer(to);
 
 	if (tty->driver->subtype == PTY_TYPE_SLAVE)
 		return count;
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ static void pty_flush_buffer(struct tty_struct *tty)
 	if (!to)
 		return;
 
-	if (to->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer)
-		to->ldisc.ops->flush_buffer(to);
+	if (to->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer)
+		to->ldisc->ops->flush_buffer(to);
 
 	if (to->packet) {
 		spin_lock_irqsave(&tty->ctrl_lock, flags);
diff --git a/drivers/char/selection.c b/drivers/char/selection.c
index cb8ca569896..f97b9e84806 100644
--- a/drivers/char/selection.c
+++ b/drivers/char/selection.c
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ int paste_selection(struct tty_struct *tty)
 		}
 		count = sel_buffer_lth - pasted;
 		count = min(count, tty->receive_room);
-		tty->ldisc.ops->receive_buf(tty, sel_buffer + pasted,
+		tty->ldisc->ops->receive_buf(tty, sel_buffer + pasted,
 								NULL, count);
 		pasted += count;
 	}
diff --git a/drivers/char/tty_io.c b/drivers/char/tty_io.c
index be49d0730bb..2f44b0b241c 100644
--- a/drivers/char/tty_io.c
+++ b/drivers/char/tty_io.c
@@ -491,22 +491,6 @@ void tty_ldisc_flush(struct tty_struct *tty)
 
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(tty_ldisc_flush);
 
-/**
- *	tty_reset_termios	-	reset terminal state
- *	@tty: tty to reset
- *
- *	Restore a terminal to the driver default state
- */
-
-static void tty_reset_termios(struct tty_struct *tty)
-{
-	mutex_lock(&tty->termios_mutex);
-	*tty->termios = tty->driver->init_termios;
-	tty->termios->c_ispeed = tty_termios_input_baud_rate(tty->termios);
-	tty->termios->c_ospeed = tty_termios_baud_rate(tty->termios);
-	mutex_unlock(&tty->termios_mutex);
-}
-
 /**
  *	do_tty_hangup		-	actual handler for hangup events
  *	@work: tty device
@@ -536,7 +520,6 @@ static void do_tty_hangup(struct work_struct *work)
 	struct file *cons_filp = NULL;
 	struct file *filp, *f = NULL;
 	struct task_struct *p;
-	struct tty_ldisc *ld;
 	int    closecount = 0, n;
 	unsigned long flags;
 	int refs = 0;
@@ -567,40 +550,8 @@ static void do_tty_hangup(struct work_struct *work)
 		filp->f_op = &hung_up_tty_fops;
 	}
 	file_list_unlock();
-	/*
-	 * FIXME! What are the locking issues here? This may me overdoing
-	 * things... This question is especially important now that we've
-	 * removed the irqlock.
-	 */
-	ld = tty_ldisc_ref(tty);
-	if (ld != NULL) {
-		/* We may have no line discipline at this point */
-		if (ld->ops->flush_buffer)
-			ld->ops->flush_buffer(tty);
-		tty_driver_flush_buffer(tty);
-		if ((test_bit(TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP, &tty->flags)) &&
-		    ld->ops->write_wakeup)
-			ld->ops->write_wakeup(tty);
-		if (ld->ops->hangup)
-			ld->ops->hangup(tty);
-	}
-	/*
-	 * FIXME: Once we trust the LDISC code better we can wait here for
-	 * ldisc completion and fix the driver call race
-	 */
-	wake_up_interruptible_poll(&tty->write_wait, POLLOUT);
-	wake_up_interruptible_poll(&tty->read_wait, POLLIN);
-	/*
-	 * Shutdown the current line discipline, and reset it to
-	 * N_TTY.
-	 */
-	if (tty->driver->flags & TTY_DRIVER_RESET_TERMIOS)
-		tty_reset_termios(tty);
-	/* Defer ldisc switch */
-	/* tty_deferred_ldisc_switch(N_TTY);
 
-	  This should get done automatically when the port closes and
-	  tty_release is called */
+	tty_ldisc_hangup(tty);
 
 	read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
 	if (tty->session) {
@@ -629,12 +580,15 @@ static void do_tty_hangup(struct work_struct *work)
 	read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&tty->ctrl_lock, flags);
-	tty->flags = 0;
+	clear_bit(TTY_THROTTLED, &tty->flags);
+	clear_bit(TTY_PUSH, &tty->flags);
+	clear_bit(TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP, &tty->flags);
 	put_pid(tty->session);
 	put_pid(tty->pgrp);
 	tty->session = NULL;
 	tty->pgrp = NULL;
 	tty->ctrl_status = 0;
+	set_bit(TTY_HUPPED, &tty->flags);
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty->ctrl_lock, flags);
 
 	/* Account for the p->signal references we killed */
@@ -660,10 +614,7 @@ static void do_tty_hangup(struct work_struct *work)
 	 * can't yet guarantee all that.
 	 */
 	set_bit(TTY_HUPPED, &tty->flags);
-	if (ld) {
-		tty_ldisc_enable(tty);
-		tty_ldisc_deref(ld);
-	}
+	tty_ldisc_enable(tty);
 	unlock_kernel();
 	if (f)
 		fput(f);
@@ -2570,7 +2521,7 @@ long tty_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
 	case TIOCGSID:
 		return tiocgsid(tty, real_tty, p);
 	case TIOCGETD:
-		return put_user(tty->ldisc.ops->num, (int __user *)p);
+		return put_user(tty->ldisc->ops->num, (int __user *)p);
 	case TIOCSETD:
 		return tiocsetd(tty, p);
 	/*
@@ -2785,6 +2736,7 @@ void initialize_tty_struct(struct tty_struct *tty,
 	tty->buf.head = tty->buf.tail = NULL;
 	tty_buffer_init(tty);
 	mutex_init(&tty->termios_mutex);
+	mutex_init(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
 	init_waitqueue_head(&tty->write_wait);
 	init_waitqueue_head(&tty->read_wait);
 	INIT_WORK(&tty->hangup_work, do_tty_hangup);
diff --git a/drivers/char/tty_ldisc.c b/drivers/char/tty_ldisc.c
index e3c6416aa86..a58a19a6a5e 100644
--- a/drivers/char/tty_ldisc.c
+++ b/drivers/char/tty_ldisc.c
@@ -115,19 +115,22 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(tty_unregister_ldisc);
 /**
  *	tty_ldisc_try_get	-	try and reference an ldisc
  *	@disc: ldisc number
- *	@ld: tty ldisc structure to complete
  *
  *	Attempt to open and lock a line discipline into place. Return
- *	the line discipline refcounted and assigned in ld. On an error
- *	report the error code back
+ *	the line discipline refcounted or an error.
  */
 
-static int tty_ldisc_try_get(int disc, struct tty_ldisc *ld)
+static struct tty_ldisc *tty_ldisc_try_get(int disc)
 {
 	unsigned long flags;
+	struct tty_ldisc *ld;
 	struct tty_ldisc_ops *ldops;
 	int err = -EINVAL;
 	
+	ld = kmalloc(sizeof(struct tty_ldisc), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (ld == NULL)
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
 	ld->ops = NULL;
 	ldops = tty_ldiscs[disc];
@@ -140,17 +143,19 @@ static int tty_ldisc_try_get(int disc, struct tty_ldisc *ld)
 			/* lock it */
 			ldops->refcount++;
 			ld->ops = ldops;
+			ld->refcount = 0;
 			err = 0;
 		}
 	}
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-	return err;
+	if (err)
+		return ERR_PTR(err);
+	return ld;
 }
 
 /**
  *	tty_ldisc_get		-	take a reference to an ldisc
  *	@disc: ldisc number
- *	@ld: tty line discipline structure to use
  *
  *	Takes a reference to a line discipline. Deals with refcounts and
  *	module locking counts. Returns NULL if the discipline is not available.
@@ -161,44 +166,46 @@ static int tty_ldisc_try_get(int disc, struct tty_ldisc *ld)
  *		takes tty_ldisc_lock to guard against ldisc races
  */
 
-static int tty_ldisc_get(int disc, struct tty_ldisc *ld)
+static struct tty_ldisc *tty_ldisc_get(int disc)
 {
-	int err;
+	struct tty_ldisc *ld;
 
 	if (disc < N_TTY || disc >= NR_LDISCS)
-		return -EINVAL;
-	err = tty_ldisc_try_get(disc, ld);
-	if (err < 0) {
+		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+	ld = tty_ldisc_try_get(disc);
+	if (IS_ERR(ld)) {
 		request_module("tty-ldisc-%d", disc);
-		err = tty_ldisc_try_get(disc, ld);
+		ld = tty_ldisc_try_get(disc);
 	}
-	return err;
+	return ld;
 }
 
 /**
  *	tty_ldisc_put		-	drop ldisc reference
- *	@disc: ldisc number
+ *	@ld: ldisc
  *
  *	Drop a reference to a line discipline. Manage refcounts and
- *	module usage counts
+ *	module usage counts. Free the ldisc once the recount hits zero.
  *
  *	Locking:
  *		takes tty_ldisc_lock to guard against ldisc races
  */
 
-static void tty_ldisc_put(struct tty_ldisc_ops *ld)
+static void tty_ldisc_put(struct tty_ldisc *ld)
 {
 	unsigned long flags;
-	int disc = ld->num;
+	int disc = ld->ops->num;
+	struct tty_ldisc_ops *ldo;
 
 	BUG_ON(disc < N_TTY || disc >= NR_LDISCS);
 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-	ld = tty_ldiscs[disc];
-	BUG_ON(ld->refcount == 0);
-	ld->refcount--;
-	module_put(ld->owner);
+	ldo = tty_ldiscs[disc];
+	BUG_ON(ldo->refcount == 0);
+	ldo->refcount--;
+	module_put(ldo->owner);
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
+	kfree(ld);
 }
 
 static void * tty_ldiscs_seq_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos)
@@ -219,12 +226,13 @@ static void tty_ldiscs_seq_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
 static int tty_ldiscs_seq_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
 {
 	int i = *(loff_t *)v;
-	struct tty_ldisc ld;
+	struct tty_ldisc *ld;
 	
-	if (tty_ldisc_get(i, &ld) < 0)
+	ld = tty_ldisc_try_get(i);
+	if (IS_ERR(ld))
 		return 0;
-	seq_printf(m, "%-10s %2d\n", ld.ops->name ? ld.ops->name : "???", i);
-	tty_ldisc_put(ld.ops);
+	seq_printf(m, "%-10s %2d\n", ld->ops->name ? ld->ops->name : "???", i);
+	tty_ldisc_put(ld);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -263,8 +271,7 @@ const struct file_operations tty_ldiscs_proc_fops = {
 
 static void tty_ldisc_assign(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_ldisc *ld)
 {
-	ld->refcount = 0;
-	tty->ldisc = *ld;
+	tty->ldisc = ld;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -286,7 +293,7 @@ static int tty_ldisc_try(struct tty_struct *tty)
 	int ret = 0;
 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-	ld = &tty->ldisc;
+	ld = tty->ldisc;
 	if (test_bit(TTY_LDISC, &tty->flags)) {
 		ld->refcount++;
 		ret = 1;
@@ -315,8 +322,8 @@ struct tty_ldisc *tty_ldisc_ref_wait(struct tty_struct *tty)
 {
 	/* wait_event is a macro */
 	wait_event(tty_ldisc_wait, tty_ldisc_try(tty));
-	WARN_ON(tty->ldisc.refcount == 0);
-	return &tty->ldisc;
+	WARN_ON(tty->ldisc->refcount == 0);
+	return tty->ldisc;
 }
 
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(tty_ldisc_ref_wait);
@@ -335,7 +342,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(tty_ldisc_ref_wait);
 struct tty_ldisc *tty_ldisc_ref(struct tty_struct *tty)
 {
 	if (tty_ldisc_try(tty))
-		return &tty->ldisc;
+		return tty->ldisc;
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -407,6 +414,39 @@ static void tty_set_termios_ldisc(struct tty_struct *tty, int num)
 	mutex_unlock(&tty->termios_mutex);
 }
 
+/**
+ *	tty_ldisc_open		-	open a line discipline
+ *	@tty: tty we are opening the ldisc on
+ *	@ld: discipline to open
+ *
+ *	A helper opening method. Also a convenient debugging and check
+ *	point.
+ */
+
+static int tty_ldisc_open(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_ldisc *ld)
+{
+	WARN_ON(test_and_set_bit(TTY_LDISC_OPEN, &tty->flags));
+	if (ld->ops->open)
+		return ld->ops->open(tty);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ *	tty_ldisc_close		-	close a line discipline
+ *	@tty: tty we are opening the ldisc on
+ *	@ld: discipline to close
+ *
+ *	A helper close method. Also a convenient debugging and check
+ *	point.
+ */
+
+static void tty_ldisc_close(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_ldisc *ld)
+{
+	WARN_ON(!test_bit(TTY_LDISC_OPEN, &tty->flags));
+	clear_bit(TTY_LDISC_OPEN, &tty->flags);
+	if (ld->ops->close)
+		ld->ops->close(tty);
+}
 
 /**
  *	tty_ldisc_restore	-	helper for tty ldisc change
@@ -420,31 +460,32 @@ static void tty_set_termios_ldisc(struct tty_struct *tty, int num)
 static void tty_ldisc_restore(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_ldisc *old)
 {
 	char buf[64];
-	struct tty_ldisc new_ldisc;
+	struct tty_ldisc *new_ldisc;
+	int r;
 
 	/* There is an outstanding reference here so this is safe */
-	tty_ldisc_get(old->ops->num, old);
+	old = tty_ldisc_get(old->ops->num);
+	WARN_ON(IS_ERR(old));
 	tty_ldisc_assign(tty, old);
 	tty_set_termios_ldisc(tty, old->ops->num);
-	if (old->ops->open && (old->ops->open(tty) < 0)) {
-		tty_ldisc_put(old->ops);
+	if (tty_ldisc_open(tty, old) < 0) {
+		tty_ldisc_put(old);
 		/* This driver is always present */
-		if (tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY, &new_ldisc) < 0)
+		new_ldisc =tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY);
+		if (IS_ERR(new_ldisc))
 			panic("n_tty: get");
-		tty_ldisc_assign(tty, &new_ldisc);
+		tty_ldisc_assign(tty, new_ldisc);
 		tty_set_termios_ldisc(tty, N_TTY);
-		if (new_ldisc.ops->open) {
-			int r = new_ldisc.ops->open(tty);
-				if (r < 0)
-				panic("Couldn't open N_TTY ldisc for "
-				      "%s --- error %d.",
-				      tty_name(tty, buf), r);
-		}
+		r = tty_ldisc_open(tty, new_ldisc);
+		if (r < 0)
+			panic("Couldn't open N_TTY ldisc for "
+			      "%s --- error %d.",
+			      tty_name(tty, buf), r);
 	}
 }
 
 /**
- *	tty_ldisc_halt		-	shutdown the line discipline
+ *	tty_ldisc_halt		-	shut down the line discipline
  *	@tty: tty device
  *
  *	Shut down the line discipline and work queue for this tty device.
@@ -456,14 +497,10 @@ static void tty_ldisc_restore(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_ldisc *old)
  *	tty_ldisc_wait_idle.
  */
 
-static void tty_ldisc_halt(struct tty_struct *tty)
+static int tty_ldisc_halt(struct tty_struct *tty)
 {
 	clear_bit(TTY_LDISC, &tty->flags);
-	cancel_delayed_work(&tty->buf.work);
-	/*
-	 * Wait for ->hangup_work and ->buf.work handlers to terminate
-	 */
-	flush_scheduled_work();
+	return cancel_delayed_work(&tty->buf.work);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -473,18 +510,22 @@ static void tty_ldisc_halt(struct tty_struct *tty)
  *	Wait for the line discipline to become idle. The discipline must
  *	have been halted for this to guarantee it remains idle.
  *
+ *	tty_ldisc_lock protects the ref counts currently.
  */
 
-static void tty_ldisc_wait_idle(struct tty_struct *tty)
+static int tty_ldisc_wait_idle(struct tty_struct *tty)
 {
 	unsigned long flags;
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-	while (tty->ldisc.refcount) {
+	while (tty->ldisc->refcount) {
 		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-		wait_event(tty_ldisc_wait, tty->ldisc.refcount == 0);
+		if (wait_event_timeout(tty_ldisc_wait,
+				tty->ldisc->refcount == 0, 5 * HZ) == 0)
+			return -EBUSY;
 		spin_lock_irqsave(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
 	}
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -493,38 +534,63 @@ static void tty_ldisc_wait_idle(struct tty_struct *tty)
  *	@ldisc: the line discipline
  *
  *	Set the discipline of a tty line. Must be called from a process
- *	context.
+ *	context. The ldisc change logic has to protect itself against any
+ *	overlapping ldisc change (including on the other end of pty pairs),
+ *	the close of one side of a tty/pty pair, and eventually hangup.
  *
- *	Locking: takes tty_ldisc_lock.
- *		 called functions take termios_mutex
+ *	Locking: takes tty_ldisc_lock, termios_mutex
  */
 
 int tty_set_ldisc(struct tty_struct *tty, int ldisc)
 {
 	int retval;
-	struct tty_ldisc o_ldisc, new_ldisc;
-	int work;
-	unsigned long flags;
+	struct tty_ldisc *o_ldisc, *new_ldisc;
+	int work, o_work = 0;
 	struct tty_struct *o_tty;
 
-restart:
-	/* This is a bit ugly for now but means we can break the 'ldisc
-	   is part of the tty struct' assumption later */
-	retval = tty_ldisc_get(ldisc, &new_ldisc);
-	if (retval)
-		return retval;
+	new_ldisc = tty_ldisc_get(ldisc);
+	if (IS_ERR(new_ldisc))
+		return PTR_ERR(new_ldisc);
+
+	/*
+	 *	We need to look at the tty locking here for pty/tty pairs
+	 *	when both sides try to change in parallel.
+	 */
+
+	o_tty = tty->link;	/* o_tty is the pty side or NULL */
+
+
+	/*
+	 *	Check the no-op case
+	 */
+
+	if (tty->ldisc->ops->num == ldisc) {
+		tty_ldisc_put(new_ldisc);
+		return 0;
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 *	Problem: What do we do if this blocks ?
+	 *	We could deadlock here
 	 */
 
 	tty_wait_until_sent(tty, 0);
 
-	if (tty->ldisc.ops->num == ldisc) {
-		tty_ldisc_put(new_ldisc.ops);
-		return 0;
-	}
+	mutex_lock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
 
+	/*
+	 *	We could be midstream of another ldisc change which has
+	 *	dropped the lock during processing. If so we need to wait.
+	 */
+
+	while (test_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &tty->flags)) {
+		mutex_unlock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
+		wait_event(tty_ldisc_wait,
+			test_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &tty->flags) == 0);
+		mutex_lock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
+	}
+	set_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &tty->flags);
+		
 	/*
 	 *	No more input please, we are switching. The new ldisc
 	 *	will update this value in the ldisc open function
@@ -533,8 +599,6 @@ restart:
 	tty->receive_room = 0;
 
 	o_ldisc = tty->ldisc;
-	o_tty = tty->link;
-
 	/*
 	 *	Make sure we don't change while someone holds a
 	 *	reference to the line discipline. The TTY_LDISC bit
@@ -545,108 +609,181 @@ restart:
 	 *	with a userspace app continually trying to use the tty in
 	 *	parallel to the change and re-referencing the tty.
 	 */
-	clear_bit(TTY_LDISC, &tty->flags);
-	if (o_tty)
-		clear_bit(TTY_LDISC, &o_tty->flags);
 
-	spin_lock_irqsave(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-	if (tty->ldisc.refcount || (o_tty && o_tty->ldisc.refcount)) {
-		if (tty->ldisc.refcount) {
-			/* Free the new ldisc we grabbed. Must drop the lock
-			   first. */
-			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-			tty_ldisc_put(o_ldisc.ops);
-			/*
-			 * There are several reasons we may be busy, including
-			 * random momentary I/O traffic. We must therefore
-			 * retry. We could distinguish between blocking ops
-			 * and retries if we made tty_ldisc_wait() smarter.
-			 * That is up for discussion.
-			 */
-			if (wait_event_interruptible(tty_ldisc_wait, tty->ldisc.refcount == 0) < 0)
-				return -ERESTARTSYS;
-			goto restart;
-		}
-		if (o_tty && o_tty->ldisc.refcount) {
-			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-			tty_ldisc_put(o_tty->ldisc.ops);
-			if (wait_event_interruptible(tty_ldisc_wait, o_tty->ldisc.refcount == 0) < 0)
-				return -ERESTARTSYS;
-			goto restart;
-		}
-	}
-	/*
-	 *	If the TTY_LDISC bit is set, then we are racing against
-	 *	another ldisc change
-	 */
-	if (test_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &tty->flags)) {
-		struct tty_ldisc *ld;
-		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-		tty_ldisc_put(new_ldisc.ops);
-		ld = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty);
-		tty_ldisc_deref(ld);
-		goto restart;
-	}
-	/*
-	 *	This flag is used to avoid two parallel ldisc changes. Once
-	 *	open and close are fine grained locked this may work better
-	 *	as a mutex shared with the open/close/hup paths
-	 */
-	set_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &tty->flags);
+	work = tty_ldisc_halt(tty);
 	if (o_tty)
-		set_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &o_tty->flags);
-	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags);
-	
+		o_work = tty_ldisc_halt(o_tty);
+
 	/*
-	 *	From this point on we know nobody has an ldisc
-	 *	usage reference, nor can they obtain one until
-	 *	we say so later on.
+	 * Wait for ->hangup_work and ->buf.work handlers to terminate.
+	 * We must drop the mutex here in case a hangup is also in process.
 	 */
 
-	work = cancel_delayed_work(&tty->buf.work);
-	/*
-	 * Wait for ->hangup_work and ->buf.work handlers to terminate
-	 * MUST NOT hold locks here.
-	 */
+	mutex_unlock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
+
 	flush_scheduled_work();
+
+	/* Let any existing reference holders finish */
+	retval = tty_ldisc_wait_idle(tty);
+	if (retval < 0) {
+		clear_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &tty->flags);
+		tty_ldisc_put(new_ldisc);
+		return retval;
+	}
+
+	mutex_lock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
+	if (test_bit(TTY_HUPPED, &tty->flags)) {
+		/* We were raced by the hangup method. It will have stomped
+		   the ldisc data and closed the ldisc down */
+		clear_bit(TTY_LDISC_CHANGING, &tty->flags);
+		mutex_unlock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
+		tty_ldisc_put(new_ldisc);
+		return -EIO;
+	}
+
 	/* Shutdown the current discipline. */
-	if (o_ldisc.ops->close)
-		(o_ldisc.ops->close)(tty);
+	tty_ldisc_close(tty, o_ldisc);
 
 	/* Now set up the new line discipline. */
-	tty_ldisc_assign(tty, &new_ldisc);
+	tty_ldisc_assign(tty, new_ldisc);
 	tty_set_termios_ldisc(tty, ldisc);
-	if (new_ldisc.ops->open)
-		retval = (new_ldisc.ops->open)(tty);
+
+	retval = tty_ldisc_open(tty, new_ldisc);
 	if (retval < 0) {
-		tty_ldisc_put(new_ldisc.ops);
-		tty_ldisc_restore(tty, &o_ldisc);
+		/* Back to the old one or N_TTY if we can't */
+		tty_ldisc_put(new_ldisc);
+		tty_ldisc_restore(tty, o_ldisc);
 	}
+
 	/* At this point we hold a reference to the new ldisc and a
 	   a reference to the old ldisc. If we ended up flipping back
 	   to the existing ldisc we have two references to it */
 
-	if (tty->ldisc.ops->num != o_ldisc.ops->num && tty->ops->set_ldisc)
+	if (tty->ldisc->ops->num != o_ldisc->ops->num && tty->ops->set_ldisc)
 		tty->ops->set_ldisc(tty);
 
-	tty_ldisc_put(o_ldisc.ops);
+	tty_ldisc_put(o_ldisc);
 
 	/*
-	 *	Allow ldisc referencing to occur as soon as the driver
-	 *	ldisc callback completes.
+	 *	Allow ldisc referencing to occur again
 	 */
 
 	tty_ldisc_enable(tty);
 	if (o_tty)
 		tty_ldisc_enable(o_tty);
 
-	/* Restart it in case no characters kick it off. Safe if
+	/* Restart the work queue in case no characters kick it off. Safe if
 	   already running */
 	if (work)
 		schedule_delayed_work(&tty->buf.work, 1);
+	if (o_work)
+		schedule_delayed_work(&o_tty->buf.work, 1);
+	mutex_unlock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
 	return retval;
 }
 
+/**
+ *	tty_reset_termios	-	reset terminal state
+ *	@tty: tty to reset
+ *
+ *	Restore a terminal to the driver default state.
+ */
+
+static void tty_reset_termios(struct tty_struct *tty)
+{
+	mutex_lock(&tty->termios_mutex);
+	*tty->termios = tty->driver->init_termios;
+	tty->termios->c_ispeed = tty_termios_input_baud_rate(tty->termios);
+	tty->termios->c_ospeed = tty_termios_baud_rate(tty->termios);
+	mutex_unlock(&tty->termios_mutex);
+}
+
+
+/**
+ *	tty_ldisc_reinit	-	reinitialise the tty ldisc
+ *	@tty: tty to reinit
+ *
+ *	Switch the tty back to N_TTY line discipline and leave the
+ *	ldisc state closed
+ */
+
+static void tty_ldisc_reinit(struct tty_struct *tty)
+{
+	struct tty_ldisc *ld;
+
+	tty_ldisc_close(tty, tty->ldisc);
+	tty_ldisc_put(tty->ldisc);
+	tty->ldisc = NULL;
+	/*
+	 *	Switch the line discipline back
+	 */
+	ld = tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY);
+	BUG_ON(IS_ERR(ld));
+	tty_ldisc_assign(tty, ld);
+	tty_set_termios_ldisc(tty, N_TTY);
+}
+
+/**
+ *	tty_ldisc_hangup		-	hangup ldisc reset
+ *	@tty: tty being hung up
+ *
+ *	Some tty devices reset their termios when they receive a hangup
+ *	event. In that situation we must also switch back to N_TTY properly
+ *	before we reset the termios data.
+ *
+ *	Locking: We can take the ldisc mutex as the rest of the code is
+ *	careful to allow for this.
+ *
+ *	In the pty pair case this occurs in the close() path of the
+ *	tty itself so we must be careful about locking rules.
+ */
+
+void tty_ldisc_hangup(struct tty_struct *tty)
+{
+	struct tty_ldisc *ld;
+
+	/*
+	 * FIXME! What are the locking issues here? This may me overdoing
+	 * things... This question is especially important now that we've
+	 * removed the irqlock.
+	 */
+	ld = tty_ldisc_ref(tty);
+	if (ld != NULL) {
+		/* We may have no line discipline at this point */
+		if (ld->ops->flush_buffer)
+			ld->ops->flush_buffer(tty);
+		tty_driver_flush_buffer(tty);
+		if ((test_bit(TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP, &tty->flags)) &&
+		    ld->ops->write_wakeup)
+			ld->ops->write_wakeup(tty);
+		if (ld->ops->hangup)
+			ld->ops->hangup(tty);
+		tty_ldisc_deref(ld);
+	}
+	/*
+	 * FIXME: Once we trust the LDISC code better we can wait here for
+	 * ldisc completion and fix the driver call race
+	 */
+	wake_up_interruptible_poll(&tty->write_wait, POLLOUT);
+	wake_up_interruptible_poll(&tty->read_wait, POLLIN);
+	/*
+	 * Shutdown the current line discipline, and reset it to
+	 * N_TTY.
+	 */
+	if (tty->driver->flags & TTY_DRIVER_RESET_TERMIOS) {
+		/* Avoid racing set_ldisc */
+		mutex_lock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
+		/* Switch back to N_TTY */
+		tty_ldisc_reinit(tty);
+		/* At this point we have a closed ldisc and we want to
+		   reopen it. We could defer this to the next open but
+		   it means auditing a lot of other paths so this is a FIXME */
+		WARN_ON(tty_ldisc_open(tty, tty->ldisc));
+		tty_ldisc_enable(tty);
+		mutex_unlock(&tty->ldisc_mutex);
+		tty_reset_termios(tty);
+	}
+}
 
 /**
  *	tty_ldisc_setup			-	open line discipline
@@ -654,24 +791,23 @@ restart:
  *	@o_tty: pair tty for pty/tty pairs
  *
  *	Called during the initial open of a tty/pty pair in order to set up the
- *	line discplines and bind them to the tty.
+ *	line disciplines and bind them to the tty. This has no locking issues
+ *	as the device isn't yet active.
  */
 
 int tty_ldisc_setup(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_struct *o_tty)
 {
-	struct tty_ldisc *ld = &tty->ldisc;
+	struct tty_ldisc *ld = tty->ldisc;
 	int retval;
 
-	if (ld->ops->open) {
-		retval = (ld->ops->open)(tty);
-		if (retval)
-			return retval;
-	}
-	if (o_tty && o_tty->ldisc.ops->open) {
-		retval = (o_tty->ldisc.ops->open)(o_tty);
+	retval = tty_ldisc_open(tty, ld);
+	if (retval)
+		return retval;
+
+	if (o_tty) {
+		retval = tty_ldisc_open(o_tty, o_tty->ldisc);
 		if (retval) {
-			if (ld->ops->close)
-				(ld->ops->close)(tty);
+			tty_ldisc_close(tty, ld);
 			return retval;
 		}
 		tty_ldisc_enable(o_tty);
@@ -679,34 +815,18 @@ int tty_ldisc_setup(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_struct *o_tty)
 	tty_ldisc_enable(tty);
 	return 0;
 }
-
-static void tty_ldisc_reinit(struct tty_struct *tty)
-{
-	struct tty_ldisc ld;
-
-	if (tty->ldisc.ops->close)
-		(tty->ldisc.ops->close)(tty);
-	tty_ldisc_put(tty->ldisc.ops);
-	/*
-	 *	Switch the line discipline back
-	 */
-	WARN_ON(tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY, &ld));
-	tty_ldisc_assign(tty, &ld);
-	tty_set_termios_ldisc(tty, N_TTY);
-}
-
 /**
  *	tty_ldisc_release		-	release line discipline
  *	@tty: tty being shut down
  *	@o_tty: pair tty for pty/tty pairs
  *
  *	Called during the final close of a tty/pty pair in order to shut down the
- *	line discpline layer.
+ *	line discpline layer. On exit the ldisc assigned is N_TTY and the
+ *	ldisc has not been opened.
  */
 
 void tty_ldisc_release(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_struct *o_tty)
 {
-
 	/*
 	 * Prevent flush_to_ldisc() from rescheduling the work for later.  Then
 	 * kill any delayed work. As this is the final close it does not
@@ -714,6 +834,7 @@ void tty_ldisc_release(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_struct *o_tty)
 	 */
 
 	tty_ldisc_halt(tty);
+	flush_scheduled_work();
 
 	/*
 	 * Wait for any short term users (we know they are just driver
@@ -730,11 +851,9 @@ void tty_ldisc_release(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_struct *o_tty)
 	 */
 
 	tty_ldisc_reinit(tty);
-	if (o_tty) {
-		/* FIXME: could o_tty be in setldisc here ? */
-		clear_bit(TTY_LDISC, &o_tty->flags);
-		tty_ldisc_reinit(o_tty);
-	}
+	/* This will need doing differently if we need to lock */
+	if (o_tty)
+		tty_ldisc_release(o_tty, NULL);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -747,10 +866,10 @@ void tty_ldisc_release(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_struct *o_tty)
 
 void tty_ldisc_init(struct tty_struct *tty)
 {
-	struct tty_ldisc ld;
-	if (tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY, &ld) < 0)
+	struct tty_ldisc *ld = tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY);
+	if (IS_ERR(ld))
 		panic("n_tty: init_tty");
-	tty_ldisc_assign(tty, &ld);
+	tty_ldisc_assign(tty, ld);
 }
 
 void tty_ldisc_begin(void)
diff --git a/include/linux/tty.h b/include/linux/tty.h
index f9c13c83790..1488d8c81aa 100644
--- a/include/linux/tty.h
+++ b/include/linux/tty.h
@@ -226,8 +226,11 @@ struct tty_struct {
 	struct tty_driver *driver;
 	const struct tty_operations *ops;
 	int index;
-	/* The ldisc objects are protected by tty_ldisc_lock at the moment */
-	struct tty_ldisc ldisc;
+
+	/* Protects ldisc changes: Lock tty not pty */
+	struct mutex ldisc_mutex;
+	struct tty_ldisc *ldisc;
+
 	struct mutex termios_mutex;
 	spinlock_t ctrl_lock;
 	/* Termios values are protected by the termios mutex */
@@ -314,6 +317,7 @@ struct tty_struct {
 #define TTY_CLOSING 		7	/* ->close() in progress */
 #define TTY_LDISC 		9	/* Line discipline attached */
 #define TTY_LDISC_CHANGING 	10	/* Line discipline changing */
+#define TTY_LDISC_OPEN	 	11	/* Line discipline is open */
 #define TTY_HW_COOK_OUT 	14	/* Hardware can do output cooking */
 #define TTY_HW_COOK_IN 		15	/* Hardware can do input cooking */
 #define TTY_PTY_LOCK 		16	/* pty private */
@@ -406,6 +410,7 @@ extern int tty_termios_hw_change(struct ktermios *a, struct ktermios *b);
 extern struct tty_ldisc *tty_ldisc_ref(struct tty_struct *);
 extern void tty_ldisc_deref(struct tty_ldisc *);
 extern struct tty_ldisc *tty_ldisc_ref_wait(struct tty_struct *);
+extern void tty_ldisc_hangup(struct tty_struct *tty);
 extern const struct file_operations tty_ldiscs_proc_fops;
 
 extern void tty_wakeup(struct tty_struct *tty);