[PATCH] sched: fix bad missed wakeups in the i386, x86_64, ia64, ACPI and APM idle code

Fernando Lopez-Lezcano reported frequent scheduling latencies and audio
xruns starting at the 2.6.18-rt kernel, and those problems persisted all
until current -rt kernels. The latencies were serious and unjustified by
system load, often in the milliseconds range.

After a patient and heroic multi-month effort of Fernando, where he
tested dozens of kernels, tried various configs, boot options,
test-patches of mine and provided latency traces of those incidents, the
following 'smoking gun' trace was captured by him:

                 _------=> CPU#
                / _-----=> irqs-off
               | / _----=> need-resched
               || / _---=> hardirq/softirq
               ||| / _--=> preempt-depth
               |||| /
               |||||     delay
   cmd     pid ||||| time  |   caller
      \   /    |||||   \   |   /
  IRQ_19-1479  1D..1    0us : __trace_start_sched_wakeup (try_to_wake_up)
  IRQ_19-1479  1D..1    0us : __trace_start_sched_wakeup <<...>-5856> (37 0)
  IRQ_19-1479  1D..1    0us : __trace_start_sched_wakeup (c01262ba 0 0)
  IRQ_19-1479  1D..1    0us : resched_task (try_to_wake_up)
  IRQ_19-1479  1D..1    0us : __spin_unlock_irqrestore (try_to_wake_up)
  ...
  <idle>-0     1...1   11us!: default_idle (cpu_idle)
  ...
  <idle>-0     0Dn.1  602us : smp_apic_timer_interrupt (c0103baf 1 0)
  ...
   <...>-5856  0D..2  618us : __switch_to (__schedule)
   <...>-5856  0D..2  618us : __schedule <<idle>-0> (20 162)
   <...>-5856  0D..2  619us : __spin_unlock_irq (__schedule)
   <...>-5856  0...1  619us : trace_stop_sched_switched (__schedule)
   <...>-5856  0D..1  619us : trace_stop_sched_switched <<...>-5856> (37 0)

what is visible in this trace is that CPU#1 ran try_to_wake_up() for
PID:5856, it placed PID:5856 on CPU#0's runqueue and ran resched_task()
for CPU#0. But it decided to not send an IPI that no CPU - due to
TS_POLLING. But CPU#0 never woke up after its NEED_RESCHED bit was set,
and only rescheduled to PID:5856 upon the next lapic timer IRQ. The
result was a 600+ usecs latency and a missed wakeup!

the bug turned out to be an idle-wakeup bug introduced into the mainline
kernel this summer via an optimization in the x86_64 tree:

    commit 495ab9c045
    Author: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
    Date:   Mon Jun 26 13:59:11 2006 +0200

    [PATCH] i386/x86-64/ia64: Move polling flag into thread_info_status

    During some profiling I noticed that default_idle causes a lot of
    memory traffic. I think that is caused by the atomic operations
    to clear/set the polling flag in thread_info. There is actually
    no reason to make this atomic - only the idle thread does it
    to itself, other CPUs only read it. So I moved it into ti->status.

the problem is this type of change:

        if (!hlt_counter && boot_cpu_data.hlt_works_ok) {
-               clear_thread_flag(TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
+               current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;
                smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
                while (!need_resched()) {
                        local_irq_disable();

this changes clear_thread_flag() to an explicit clearing of TS_POLLING.
clear_thread_flag() is defined as:

        clear_bit(flag, &ti->flags);

and clear_bit() is a LOCK-ed atomic instruction on all x86 platforms:

  static inline void clear_bit(int nr, volatile unsigned long * addr)
  {
          __asm__ __volatile__( LOCK_PREFIX
                  "btrl %1,%0"

hence smp_mb__after_clear_bit() is defined as a simple compile barrier:

  #define smp_mb__after_clear_bit()       barrier()

but the explicit TS_POLLING clearing introduced by the patch:

+               current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;

is not an atomic op! So the clearing of the TS_POLLING bit is freely
reorderable with the reading of the NEED_RESCHED bit - and both now
reside in different memory addresses.

CPU idle wakeup very much depends on ordered memory ops, the clearing of
the TS_POLLING flag must always be done before we test need_resched()
and hit the idle instruction(s). [Symmetrically, the wakeup code needs
to set NEED_RESCHED before it tests the TS_POLLING flag, so memory
ordering is paramount.]

Fernando's dual-core Athlon64 system has a sufficiently advanced memory
ordering model so that it triggered this scenario very often.

( And it also turned out that the reason why these latencies never
  triggered on my testsystems is that i routinely use idle=poll, which
  was the only idle variant not affected by this bug. )

The fix is to change the smp_mb__after_clear_bit() to an smp_mb(), to
act as an absolute barrier between the TS_POLLING write and the
NEED_RESCHED read. This affects almost all idling methods (default,
ACPI, APM), on all 3 x86 architectures: i386, x86_64, ia64.

Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Tested-by: Fernando Lopez-Lezcano <nando@ccrma.Stanford.EDU>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

arch/i386/kernel/apm.c

@@ -785,7 +785,11 @@ static int apm_do_idle(void)
 	polling = !!(current_thread_info()->status & TS_POLLING);
 	if (polling) {
 		current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;
-		smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
+		/*
+		 * TS_POLLING-cleared state must be visible before we
+		 * test NEED_RESCHED:
+		 */
+		smp_mb();
 	}
 	if (!need_resched()) {
 		idled = 1;

arch/i386/kernel/process.c

@@ -102,7 +102,12 @@ void default_idle(void)
 {
 	if (!hlt_counter && boot_cpu_data.hlt_works_ok) {
 		current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;
-		smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
+		/*
+		 * TS_POLLING-cleared state must be visible before we
+		 * test NEED_RESCHED:
+		 */
+		smp_mb();
+
 		local_irq_disable();
 		if (!need_resched())
 			safe_halt();	/* enables interrupts racelessly */

arch/ia64/kernel/process.c

@@ -268,10 +268,16 @@ cpu_idle (void)
 
 	/* endless idle loop with no priority at all */
 	while (1) {
-		if (can_do_pal_halt)
+		if (can_do_pal_halt) {
 			current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;
-		else
+			/*
+			 * TS_POLLING-cleared state must be visible before we
+			 * test NEED_RESCHED:
+			 */
+			smp_mb();
+		} else {
 			current_thread_info()->status |= TS_POLLING;
+		}
 
 		if (!need_resched()) {
 			void (*idle)(void);

arch/x86_64/kernel/process.c

@@ -109,7 +109,11 @@ void exit_idle(void)
 static void default_idle(void)
 {
 	current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;
-	smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
+	/*
+	 * TS_POLLING-cleared state must be visible before we
+	 * test NEED_RESCHED:
+	 */
+	smp_mb();
 	local_irq_disable();
 	if (!need_resched()) {
 		/* Enables interrupts one instruction before HLT.

drivers/acpi/processor_idle.c

@@ -211,7 +211,11 @@ acpi_processor_power_activate(struct acpi_processor *pr,
 static void acpi_safe_halt(void)
 {
 	current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;
-	smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
+	/*
+	 * TS_POLLING-cleared state must be visible before we
+	 * test NEED_RESCHED:
+	 */
+	smp_mb();
 	if (!need_resched())
 		safe_halt();
 	current_thread_info()->status |= TS_POLLING;
@@ -345,7 +349,11 @@ static void acpi_processor_idle(void)
 	 */
 	if (cx->type == ACPI_STATE_C2 || cx->type == ACPI_STATE_C3) {
 		current_thread_info()->status &= ~TS_POLLING;
-		smp_mb__after_clear_bit();
+		/*
+		 * TS_POLLING-cleared state must be visible before we
+		 * test NEED_RESCHED:
+		 */
+		smp_mb();
 		if (need_resched()) {
 			current_thread_info()->status |= TS_POLLING;
 			local_irq_enable();